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Catholic doctrine regarding the Ten Commandments
The Ten Commandments are a series of religious and moral imperatives that are recognized as a moral foundation in several of the Abrahamic religions, including Catholicism.〔Pottenger, p. 13〕 As described in the Old Testament books Exodus and Deuteronomy, the Commandments form part of a covenant offered by God to the Israelites to free them from the spiritual slavery of sin.〔 According to the ''Catechism of the Catholic Church''—the official exposition of the Catholic Church's Christian beliefs—the Commandments are considered essential for spiritual good health and growth,〔 and serve as the basis for Catholic social justice.〔 A review of the Commandments is one of the most common types of examination of conscience used by Catholics before receiving the sacrament of Penance.〔O'Toole, p. 146〕
The Commandments appear in the earliest Church writings;〔 the ''Catechism'' states that they have "occupied a predominant place" in teaching the faith since the time of Saint Augustine (AD 354–430).〔 The Church had no official standards for religious instruction until the Fourth Lateran Council in 1215;〔 evidence suggests the Commandments were used in Christian education in the early Church〔 and throughout the Middle Ages, but with inconsistent emphasis.〔 The lack of instruction in them by some dioceses formed the basis of one of the criticisms launched against the Church by Protestant reformers.〔 Afterward, the first Church-wide catechism in 1566 provided "thorough discussions of each commandment", but gave greater emphasis to the seven sacraments.〔 The most recent ''Catechism'' devotes a large section to interpret each of the commandments.〔
Church teaching of the Commandments is largely based on the Old and New Testaments and the writings of the early Church Fathers.〔 In the New Testament, Jesus acknowledged their validity and instructed his disciples to go further, demanding a righteousness exceeding that of the scribes and Pharisees.〔Kreeft, p. 202〕 Summarized by Jesus into two "Great Commandments" that teach ''love of God'' and ''love of neighbor'',〔Schreck, p. 303〕 they instruct individuals on their relationships with both. The first three commandments demand respect for God's name, observation of the Lord's Day and prohibit the worship of other gods. The others deal with the relationships between individuals, such as that between parent and child; they include prohibitions against lying, stealing, murdering, adultery and covetousness.
==Numbering==
The Old Testament refers to ten individual commandments, even though there are more than ten imperative sentences in the two relevant texts: Exodus 20:1–17 and Deuteronomy 5:6–21. The Old Testament does not make clear how the texts should be divided to arrive at ten commandments. The division traditionally used by the Catholic and Lutheran churches was first derived by the Latin Church Father Augustine of Hippo (354–430) in his book ''Questions on Exodus''.〔Kreeft, pp. 201–203〕〔Stapleton, "The Ten Commandments"〕 Other Christian churches, such as the Eastern Orthodox and some Protestant churches, use a form established by the Greek Fathers. The two forms have slightly different numbering, but maintain exactly the same substance despite Protestant accusations to the contrary.〔 Jewish numbering differs from Christian denominations in that it considers what many Christians call a prologue to be the entire first commandment.〔Brown, p. 82〕
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